Metabolic
Sexual dimorphism in COVID-19: potential clinical and public health implications
The adult adrenal cortex undergoes rapid tissue renewal in a sex-specific manner.
Cell Stem Cell. 2019; 25: 290-296.e2
Sexual dimorphism in immunometabolism and autoimmunity: impact on personalized medicine.
Autoimmun Rev. 2021; 20102775
Sex-specific differences in hypertension and associated cardiovascular disease.
Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018; 14: 185-201
Sex-based differences in severity and mortality in COVID-19.
Rev Med Virol. 2021; 31e2223
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study.
Lancet. 2020; 395: 507-513
COVID-19 and gender-specific difference: analysis of public surveillance data in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, China, from January 10 to February 15, 2020.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020; 41: 750-751
The sex, gender and COVID-19 project.
Sex differences in the mortality rate for coronavirus disease 2019 compared to other causes of death.
medRxiv. 2021; ()
Sex differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and the potential link to prostate cancer.
Commun Biol. 2020; 3: 374
Sex differences for fasting levels of glucose and insulin: expanding our understanding.
Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021; 17: 131
Sex-dimorphic genetic effects and novel loci for fasting glucose and insulin variability.
Nat Commun. 2021; 12: 1-18
Sex disparities in COVID-19 outcomes of inpatients with diabetes: insights from the CORONADO study.
Eur J Endocrinol. 2021; 185: 299-311
Risks of and risk factors for COVID-19 disease in people with diabetes: a cohort study of the total population of Scotland.
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021; 9: 82-93
The protective role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in cardiovascular disease and the controversial use of estrogen therapy.
Biol Sex Differ. 2017; 8: 33
Age-dependent and gender-dependent regulation of hypothalamic-adrenocorticotropic-adrenal axis.
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2013; 42: 201-225
Sex differences and genomics in autoimmune diseases.
J Autoimmun. 2012; 38: J254-J265
Dosage of X-linked Toll-like receptor 8 determines gender differences in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Eur J Immunol. 2014; 44: 1503-1516
Expression of X-linked Toll-like receptor 4 signaling genes in female vs. male neonates.
Pediatr Res. 2017; 81: 831-837
The X chromosome and sex-specific effects in infectious disease susceptibility.
Hum Genomics. 2019; 13: 2
TLR7 ligands induce higher IFN-alpha production in females.
J Immunol. 2006; 177: 2088-2096
Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor.
Nature. 2020; 581: 215-220
ACE2 expression and sex disparity in COVID-19.
Cell Death Discov. 2020; 6: 37
X-linked diseases: susceptible females.
Genet Med. 2020; 22: 1156-1174
Do men have a higher case fatality rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome than women do?.
Am J Epidemiol. 2004; 159: 229-231
Metabolic syndrome and COVID-19: endocrine-immune vascular interactions shape the clinical course.
Endocrinology. 2020; 161bqaa131
The SARS-CoV-2 as an instrumental trigger of autoimmunity.
Autoimmun Rev. 2021; 20102792
COVID-19 and metabolic disease: mechanisms and clinical management.
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021; 9: 786-798
Sex differences in insulin resistance, but not peripheral neuropathy, in a diet-induced prediabetes mouse model.
Dis Model Mech. 2021; 14dmm048909
Sex differences in insulin sensitivity are related to muscle tissue acylcarnitine but not subcellular lipid distribution.
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2021; 29: 550-561
Age-specific microbiota in altering host inflammatory and metabolic signaling as well as metabolome based on the sex.
Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2021; 10: 31-48
Sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic health: the role of adipose tissue, muscle and liver.
Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021; 17: 47-66
Sex differences in microRNA expression and cardiometabolic risk factors in hispanic adolescents with obesity.
J Pediatr. 2021; 235: 138-143.e5
Sex differences in immune responses.
Nat Rev Immunol. 2016; 16: 626-638
Obesity as a predictor for a poor prognosis of COVID-19: a systematic review.
Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020; 14: 655-659
The role of visceral adiposity in the severity of COVID-19: Highlights from a unicenter cross-sectional pilot study in Germany.
Metabolism. 2020; 110154317
Visceral adiposity elevates the risk of critical condition in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2021; 29: 521-528
Estrogen regulates sex-specific localization of regulatory T cells in adipose tissue of obese female mice.
PLoS One. 2020; 15e0230885
Anti-inflammatory effects of oestrogen mediate the sexual dimorphic response to lipid-induced insulin resistance.
J Physiol. 2019; 597: 3885-3903
Sex differences in inflammatory responses to adipose tissue lipolysis in diet-induced obesity.
Endocrinology. 2019; 160: 293-312
Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes.
Nature. 2020; 588: 315-320
Aging in COVID-19: vulnerability, immunity and intervention.
Ageing Res Rev. 2021; 65101205
Sexual-dimorphism in human immune system aging.
Nat Commun. 2020; 11: 751
The physiological mechanisms of the sex-based difference in outcomes of COVID19 infection.
Front Physiol. 2021; 12627260
Estradiol, progesterone, immunomodulation, and COVID-19 outcomes.
Endocrinology. 2020; 161bqaa127
Estradiol induced alterations of the immune system–I. Enhancement of IgM production.
Int J Immunopharmacol. 1985; 7: 207-213
Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020; 526: 135-140
Immune interaction map of human SARS-CoV-2 target genes: implications for therapeutic avenues.
Front Immunol. 2021; 12597399
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitor and outcome from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in diabetic patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.
J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2021; 20: 1-8
Prescription of glucose-lowering therapies and risk of COVID-19 mortality in people with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide observational study in England.
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021; 9: 293-303
DPP-4 inhibitors may improve the mortality of coronavirus disease 2019: a meta-analysis.
PLoS One. 2021; 16e0251916
A randomized clinical trial of linagliptin vs. standard of care in patients hospitalized with diabetes and COVID-19.
Front Endocrinol. 2021; 12794382
Hormonal modulation of prolyl endopeptidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV activities in the mouse uterus and ovary.
Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1992; 127: 262-266
Inhibition of DPP-4 activity and neuronal atrophy with genistein attenuates neurological deficits induced by transient global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
Inflammation. 2017; 40: 623-635
The potential role of incretin-based therapies for polycystic ovary syndrome: a narrative review of the current evidence.
Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2021; 12 ()
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes may reduce the risk of autoimmune diseases: a population-based cohort study.
Ann Rheum Dis. 2015; 74: 1968-1975
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors: applications in innate immunity?.
Biochem Pharmacol. 2021; 188114517
Sex differences in immune responses.
Science. 2021; 371: 347-348
Hydroxychloroquine-mediated inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry is attenuated by TMPRSS2.
PLoS Pathog. 2021; 17e1009212
SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor.
Cell. 2020; 181: 271-280
Age-determined expression of priming protease TMPRSS2 and localization of SARS-CoV-2 in lung epithelium.
J Clin Invest. 2021; 131140766
TMPRSS2 activity may mediate sex differences in COVID-19 severity.
Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021; 6: 100
Androgen signaling regulates SARS-CoV-2 receptor levels and is associated with severe COVID-19 symptoms in men.
Cell Stem Cell. 2020; 27: 876-889
ACE2 and TMPRSS2 variants and expression as candidates to sex and country differences in COVID-19 severity in Italy.
Aging (Albany NY). 2020; 12: 10087-10098
The antiandrogen enzalutamide downregulates TMPRSS2 and reduces cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells.
Nat Commun. 2021; 124068
Efficacy of the TMPRSS2 inhibitor camostat mesilate in patients hospitalized with Covid-19 —a double-blind randomized controlled trial.
EClinicalMedicine. 2021; 35100849
Sex differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis’ response to stress: an important role for gonadal hormones.
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019; 44: 45-58
Gonadal steroid hormones and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Front Neuroendocrinol. 2014; 35: 197-220
COVID-19 targets human adrenal glands.
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;
Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19.
N Engl J Med. 2021; 384: 693-704
Potential health and economic impacts of dexamethasone treatment for patients with COVID-19.
Nat Commun. 2021; 12: 1-8
Methylprednisolone or dexamethasone, which one is superior corticosteroid in the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a triple-blinded randomized controlled trial.
BMC Infect Dis. 2021; 21: 1-8
Cytokine secretion responsiveness of lymphomonocytes following cortisol cell exposure: sex differences.
PLoS One. 2018; 13e0200924
Progesterone in addition to standard of care vs standard of care alone in the treatment of men hospitalized with moderate to severe COVID-19: a randomized, controlled pilot trial.
Chest. 2021; 160: 74-84
Androgen-deprivation therapies for prostate cancer and risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2: a population-based study (N = 4532).
Ann Oncol. 2020; 31: 1040-1045
Anti-androgens may protect against severe COVID-19 outcomes: results from a prospective cohort study of 77 hospitalized men.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021; 35: e13-e15
Mortality in COVID-19 amongst women on hormone replacement therapy or combined oral contraception: a cohort study.
medRxiv. 2021; ()
Menopause transition: a golden age to prevent cardiovascular disease.
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021; 9: 135-137
Global sex disparity of COVID-19: a descriptive review of sex hormones and consideration for the potential therapeutic use of hormone replacement therapy in older adults.
Aging Dis. 2021; 12: 671-683
Low testosterone levels predict clinical adverse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients.
Andrology. 2021; 9: 88-98
Association of circulating sex hormones with inflammation and disease severity in patients with COVID-19.
JAMA Netw Open. 2021; 4e2111398
The relationship between circulating testosterone and inflammatory cytokines in men.
Aging Male. 2018;
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency enhances human coronavirus 229E infection.
J Infect Dis. 2008; 197: 812-816
Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19.
N Engl J Med. 2020; 383: 120-128
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes care. 2012; 35: e58
Alert to US physicians: DHEA, widely used as an OTC androgen supplement, may exacerbate COVID-19.
Endocr Relat Cancer. 2021; 28: R47-R53
Impact of COVID-19 on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021; 27: 36-46
Characteristics of women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status—United States, January 22–June 7, 2020.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020; 69: 769-775
Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK: national population based cohort study.
BMJ. 2020; 369m2107
Pregnancy and COVID-19.
Physiol Rev. 2021; 101: 303-318
Recurrent COVID-19 including evidence of reinfection and enhanced severity in thirty Brazilian healthcare workers.
J Infect. 2021; 82: 399-406
Persistence of symptoms after improvement of acute COVID19 infection, a longitudinal study.
J Med Virol. 2021; 93: 5942-5946
Sex, age, and hospitalization drive antibody responses in a COVID-19 convalescent plasma donor population.
J Clin Invest. 2020; 130: 6141-6150
Gender differences in COVID-19 attitudes and behavior: panel evidence from eight countries.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020; 117: 27285-27291
Behavioral gender differences are reinforced during the COVID-19 crisis.
Sci Rep. 2021; 1119241
What reinfections mean for COVID-19.
Lancet Infect Dis. 2021; 21: 3-5
Symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection by a phylogenetically distinct strain.
Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 73: 354-356
Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of the Omicron variant in South Africa.
medRxiv. 2021; ()
How bad is Omicron? What scientists know so far.
Nature. 2021; 600: 197-199
Reduced risk of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 after COVID-19 vaccination—Kentucky, May–June 2021.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021; 70: 1081-1083
The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines.
Lancet Infect Dis. 2010; 10: 338-349
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after Ad26. COV2. S vaccination.
N Engl J Med. 2021; 384: 1964-1965
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination.
N Engl J Med. 2021; 384: 2092-2101
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.
N Engl J Med. 2021; 384: 2254-2256
Myocarditis occurring after immunization with mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines.
JAMA Cardiol. 2021; 6: 1115-1117
Use of COVID-19 vaccines after reports of adverse events among adult recipients of Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna): update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, July 2021.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021; 70: 1094-1099
Vaccine breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 variants.
N Engl J Med. 2021; 384: 2212-2218
COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections reported to CDC—United States, January 1–April 30, 2021.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021; 70: 792-793
6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study.
Lancet. 2021; 397: 220-232
Infection, vaccination, and autoantibodies in chronic fatigue syndrome, cause or coincidence?.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009; 1173: 600-609
Infection and vaccination in chronic fatigue syndrome: myth or reality?.
Autoimmunity. 2007; 40: 48-53
Immune determinants of COVID-19 disease presentation and severity.
Nat Med. 2021; 27: 28-33
Persistent symptoms in adult patients one year after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study.
Clin Infect Dis. 2021; ciab611
Sex-and gender-specific risk factors of post-COVID-19 syndrome: a population-based cohort study in Switzerland.
medRxiv. 2021; ()
Attributes and predictors of long COVID.
Nat Med. 2021; 27: 626-631
Sex differences in cytokine production following West Nile virus infection: Implications for symptom manifestation.
Pathog Dis. 2019; 77ftz016
Autoantibodies in healthy subjects of different age groups.
Mech Ageing Dev. 1979; 10: 399-404
The prevalence of insulin autoantibodies at the onset of type 1 diabetes is higher in males than females during adolescence.
Diabetologia. 2003; 46: 1354-1356
Rogue antibodies could be driving severe COVID-19.
Nature. 2021; 590: 29-31
Chronic post-COVID-19 syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome: Is there a role for extracorporeal apheresis?.
Mol Psychiatry. 2021; ()
Gender differences in prevalence, diagnosis and incidence of allergic and non-allergic asthma: a population-based cohort.
Thorax. 2012; 67: 625-631
SARS-CoV-2 leads to a small vessel endotheliitis in the heart.
EBioMedicine. 2021; 63103182